Wednesday, May 6, 2020
Comparing the Han Dynasty and the Roman Empire Essay
The Han Dynasty and the Roman Empire were two grand empires that rose out of preexisting territories and provided relative peace over wide areas. The collapse of the Qin Dynasty (221-206 BCE), which was the first great land-based empire in East Asia, came after a period of war, confusion, and tyrannical rule. Due to the political disorder that stemmed from the early dynastic activity, the emergence of the Han Dynasty (206 BCE- 228 CE) sprung to focus on restoring order. On the other hand, the rise of the Roman Empire (44 BCE- 476 CE) originated from consolidating authority over aristocratic landlords and overriding the democratic elements of the earlier Republic. Instead, the Roman Empire redefined the concept of ââ¬Å"citizenâ⬠as subjects toâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦As a result, the Hans possessed a massive continental landmass. Likewise, the Romans took over the inland sea areas along the Mediterranean. They merged the multitude of ethnic groups and city-states into a l arge single-unit political state. Through the assimilation of military power from the communities they conquered in Italy, Roman army accumulated and grew in control. Similar to the Hans glory over the nomads, the Roman armyââ¬â¢s attacks against Carthage in the Three Punic Wars demonstrated the disciplined and honorable qualities of the army and their monopoly of power over the Mediterranean. As a result, both empires developed political integration. Although the foundation of both empires was built upon political integration, their organization of government differed. The Han Dynastyââ¬â¢s centralized power and administration was based on a bureaucratic system while the Roman Empireââ¬â¢s imperial power was based on a one-man sovereign. In order to improve Chinese society, which was under tyrannical rule under the Qin Dynasty, the Han Empire centralized their government with the synthesis between an imperial family and the new scholar-gentry class under a bureaucratic system. By securing power to overthrow the Qin Dynasty, Liu Bang provided lands to those military supporters who helped with the task. From the land grants given, the royal families and supporters were entitledShow MoreRelatedThe Han Dynasty And Roman Empire1059 Words à |à 5 PagesThe Han Dynasty ruled China from 206 B.C.E to 220 A.D, and Polybius wrote his account of Rome around 200 B.C.E. Though the Han Dynasty and Roman Empire existed simultaneously, t hey were vastly different because they were separated by thousands of miles and high mountain ranges. It is widely agreed upon that the two empires had very little contact, especially in the years when Polybius wrote his account. Though separated, the two empires developed their own societies that were highly sophisticatedRead MoreComparison on the Polybius from Punic Wars and Ssu-ma Chiââ¬â¢en995 Words à |à 4 Pagesof China in Asia and at the core area of Mediterranean in Europe, the Han dynasty and Rome. They have both reached the high point of the contemporary civilizations. Also, they formed their empires by defeating their own hostile forces. There are significant differences between the two great empires in their process of birth, growth and perfection, ruling ideologies and institutions and so on. Before discovering and comparing these two civilizations, we have to enhance our understanding on the authorsRead MoreRoman Empire And Han Dynasty960 Words à |à 4 PagesRoman Empire and Han Dynasty Comparison When comparing Han China and Roman Empire, many political, geographical, and religious similarities can be found, though many differences are also prevalent. Though Roman and Han political structures both emphasized bureaucracies, they came to them quite differently. Through many amounts of expansion, both societies spread culture and earned money, though expansion was eventually their downfalls. Their religions differed immensely, with Rome emphasizing polytheismRead MoreEngineer Wonders of the Qin and Han Dynasties to The Roman Empire851 Words à |à 3 Pagesas the day it was constructed. This engineering, of the Qin dynasty was truly an amazing feat. I will examine some key elements, while comparing the Qin, and Han dynasties, to The Roman Empire. Both cultures had implemented an impressive, society by introducing engineering wonders, an extensive political system that managed vast amounts of people, and a military to rule over their territories. While looking at the Han, Qin, and Roman structures, one interesting tidbit of information was thatRead MoreDifferences in Ancient Rome and Han China944 Words à |à 4 PagesHan China and Classical Rome When comparing Han China and Classical Rome, many political, geographical, and religious similarities can be found, though many differences are also prevalent. Though Roman and Han political structures both emphasized bureaucracies, they came to them quite differently. Through copious amounts of expansion, both societies spread culture and earned money, though expansion was eventually their downfalls. Their religions differed immensely, with Rome emphasizing polytheismRead MoreAdvancements in the Roman Empire Compared to that of the Han Dynasty2165 Words à |à 9 Pagesimpact. The Roman and Chinese Empires were established like any other civilization, but rose to power through proper governing of the people. They later became so successful that they emulated one another in different fields of culture. The Han Dynasty was one of many dynasties in ancient China and it was able to change the outlook on society because of its radical and novel ideology based on Confucianism. During the dynasty, the emperor Wudi pushed borders and trade like no other dynasty of its kindRead MoreHan Dynasty and Roman Empire (Compare and Contrast)988 Words à |à 4 Pages The Han Dynasty and the Roman Empire vary in their political development and achievements. The Romanââ¬â¢s developed two different codes of law, one that applied to citizens and another that applied to non-citizens. Romeââ¬â¢s trade routes were built using stone, which made it very easy for merchants to travel from one city to another over a vast amount of land. China, however, used a single code of law for all their citizens and conquered peoples, and used a long and treacherous trail in their trade; thatRead MoreComparing Empires Rome and China3033 Words à |à 13 PagesComparing Empires: Roman and Chinese Consolidating the Roman and Chinese Empires 1. both empires defined themselves in universal terms 2. both invested heavily in public works 3. both claimed supernatural sanctions a. deceased Roman emperors as gods (imperial cult) i. persecution of Christians for nonparticipation in cult b. Chinese emperor as Son of Heaven i. rule by Mandate of Heaven ii. dependent on just rule iii. heavy ritual duties to maintain relationship between earth and heaven iv. moralRead MoreAp World History Units 1-3 Study Guide Essay4374 Words à |à 18 Pagescivilizations power was concentrated in the hands of a king who was considered a god 43. The Chinese copied their chariots from * The steppe nomads 44. The Period of Warring States refers to the * Chaotic last centuries of the Zhou dynasty 45. The early Chinese shipped textiles and metal goods to the ancestors of the Turks and Mongols in the steppes and received what in return? * Horses 46. Which of the following is a key philosophical and religious element of DaoismRead MoreEssay about Comparison on Qin and Augustus Caesar1177 Words à |à 5 Pages Comparing Augustus and Qin Emperor Qin Shi Huangdi was crowned king in 246 BC during the Warring States era (475-221 BC). Two centuries later, Caesar Augustus founded the Roman Empire and became Romeââ¬â¢s first Emperor, ruling from 27 BC until his death in 14 AD. Both emperors ruled with distinct and individual morals in which they laid upon their society. Both rulers utilized military victories, new code laws, and established a sense of unity throughout the land. Each contribution to their state
Tuesday, May 5, 2020
Financial Accounting Financial Reporting
Question: Discuss about the Financial Accounting for Financial Reporting. Answer: Introduction: Issue pertaining to new accounting standards and framework, exposure drafts or other declarations or explanations 119: During the year 2016 June, the Australian reported a list of alterations which is mentioned below; In accordance with the Australian Accounting Standard Board 119; the discounted rate for employees benefits regarding the long-term obligations for the corporate bond rate. The board also declares that government bond rate will be put into use if the corporate bond rate is not available. The directors responsibilities at the time of reporting will also be reviewed. In addition to these changes has also been incorporated concerning Australian securities exchange governing the principles and recommendations. A simplified procedure of equity in accounting has also been created at the time of transformations when such changes were incorporated in relation to the investments-equity methodology and joint venture. Alterations have also taken place in relation to the derivatives and hedging [contingent put and options for call for debt instruments] The Australian Accounting Standard during the year 2016 in relation to the benefit for pension scheme along with contribution pension scheme has also been reviewed. Regulation and monitoring of financial reporting The chartered Accountants of Australia and New Zealand has clearly stated that all the organizations must conduct an audit and prepare an audit report so that it can clearly explore the quality of the audit work performed. The Financial Reporting Council has open-handedly accepted the change and has welcomed the approach. Changes reported for issues pertaining to accounting standard. From the period of May 1 to 31 July 2016, there are numerous amounts of changes that have been reported in contrast to the issues, which are related to the accounting standard. A proposal has been placed on July 8 2016 to resolve the issues, which is related to compensations. The compensation includes employee stock ownerships schemes. The accounting standard has also considered providing improved form of employees share payment. It is noted that in the month of June during the year 2016 another update has been proposed by the accounting standard regarding the review of revenue from the contracts of customers. Political influence or other potential developments The investment standards have been reviewed under the Australian Accounting Standard Board where the collaboration amid AASB 10, 11, 12 and AASB 128 has been discovered. The revision was essential in defining the guidelines, which was related to control, power, rights and exposure. Recognition and summarization of advancements and alterations in the financial reporting framework for the periodJune to August 2016, inclusive Over the period, revision of accounting standard was significant in terms of political aspects. A standard has been revealed in many such jurisdictions where current alterations has illustrated that the Australian Accounting Standard has been actively involved with the international standard for setting up of a project. The forum is of utmost importance concerning the International Accounting Standard Board. The initiatives lay down under the Chartered Accountants of Australia and New Zealand as because if they are to be looked upon as leaders in business and finance then it is of utmost vitality to positively influence the pre-requisite. Bibliography: Chartered Accountant Australia: https://www.charteredaccountants.com.au/Industry-Topics/Ethical-and-professional-standards.aspx ASSB: https://www.aasb.gov.au/About-the-AASB/The-standard-setting-process.aspx ASB: https://www.charteredaccountants.com.au/Industry-Topics/Reporting/Australian-accounting-standards/Latest-changes Australian Reporting: https://www.charteredaccountants.com.au/Industry-Topics/Reporting/Publications-and-tools/Essential-guidance/Guides/Australian-reporting-essentials-for-the-June-2015-reporting-period AU: https://www.kpmg.com/AU/en/IssuesAndInsights/ArticlesPublications/Example-Financial-Statements/Documents/australian-financial-reporting-manual-june-2015.pdf FRC: https://www.frc.gov.au/media/media-releases/mr2015/2015-001/ ASSB: https://www.aasb.gov.au/Pronouncements/Current-standards.aspx ASSB: https://www.aasb.gov.au/About-the-AASB/The-standard-setting-process.aspx FASB: https://www.fasb.org/jsp/FASB/Page/SectionPagecid=1218220137102 FASB:.https://www.fasb.org/jsp/FASB/Document_C/DocumentPage?cid=1176166123481acceptedDisclaimer=true
Wednesday, April 22, 2020
Who Is Lying to Us About Technology Cause and Effect Essay Topics?
Who Is Lying to Us About Technology Cause and Effect Essay Topics? The Number One Question You Must Ask for Technology Cause and Effect Essay Topics As you compose the essay, you ought to be able to define science, technology and the association between them both. The sorts of reasons and effects could be different. You can select from 100 distinct ideas so you'll find surely find at least one that is suitable for you. The impacts of obesity on biology and the explanations for it. The explanations for why folks exercise and the psychological outcomes. They start to smoke to get new experience and to find a way to reduce stresses and feel relaxed. Technology has a great deal of aspects people wish to learn more about. People of both the young and old generation should be aware of the benefits of maintaining great health. Following that, you have to compose the most fascinating and distinctive argument for impacting your audience. Not only will receive all of the interest of your colleagues and your teacher, but you are going to secure the best grades. Therefore, many students and employees decide to acquire low-cost essay rather than writing it themselves. Many teachers do not seem to understand how to harness the ability of play to effectively lead children to a comprehension of math concepts. The 30-Second Trick for Technology Cause and Effect Essay Topics Cause and effect essay have a lot of sub-types. Causes are introduced as argumentative topics which introduce the main topics of contemporary society in a succinct presentation where creativity is crucial. Topics for cause and effect essay might be variable, but the paper presupposes that the author should do a great deal of analyses and discover the root of the problem under review, the explanations for it and the resultant outcomes. Topi cs for a cause and effect essay can be found on the internet, or you could brainstorm with a friend and see what you could work out but obviously, you might also find online strategies on writing papers for college. Students aren't supposed to learn to compose a cause and effect essay alone. They should pay attention to the way things relate to each other. When you're assigned to compose an essay on any historical topics, you shouldn't cut corners when it has to do with carrying out adequate research. An outline is a significant part of essay writing. Selecting the right topic to reveal in your work will be easier than you might imagine, you might just choose to handle the aspects you're familiar already, but still need to find out more about from an academic viewpoint. Appropriate configuration of the research paper is the crucial point of a thriving work. The cost of an essay rides on the total amount of effort the writer has to exert. Narrative essays incorporate a story of a true event described or written in the very first individual. To write a great essay, you must know use words in the most suitable context. Communication technology essay topics may include a broad range of ideas. When you wish to create a wonderful cause and effect essay for college, obtaining an engaging topic you should know that you could have fun too! As students, you cannot avoid writing cause and effect essays sooner or later in time. Writing about the reason and effect essay topics linked to the school's popularity or surviving the initial year in college might be fine to grab the interest of your peers. All you have to do is choose a topic which is quite simple to manage. What the In-Crowd Won't Tell You About Technology Cause and Effect Essay Topics The causes must be researched to conclude an impact on them. You may be angry or frustrated, but there might be long-term effects too, like a potential increase in blood pressure. Connect the reason and its effects. The explanations for smoking and the effects in the long term.
Research Paper Topics For Fantasy or Medieval
Research Paper Topics For Fantasy or MedievalResearch paper topics for fantasy or medieval are available for some colleges and universities. These are given to students to help them in their studies and writing. Whether you want to learn more about how the world of the Middle Ages was created, or you are just looking for something to read, there are plenty of paper topics available for fantasy or medieval.One great topic that you can get for your study is Medieval arts and crafts. These are an important part of the world and are seen as a part of history. You may want to write a paper on this is something that many students will enjoy. You can also choose a topic on Medieval history and how that part of the world was created. This can be a fun project if you can find enough information on the subject.Another great paper topic for medieval is writing fiction based on a part of the history of the medieval. You can find several websites that allow you to create a fictional world where y ou have the option of adding some real life elements to the story. This allows you to add some elements of reality and add more realism to your paper.If you choose a paper topics for fantasy or medieval themed paper, you will find that there are many options available. For example, you can look at literature from this period. You can go to your library and look at some of the books that were written during this time period. You can even buy some books that deal with this period of time if you are looking for something different from the usual.Fantasy is another common idea in some people's minds when they think about this time period. There are books that deal with the fantasy, and you can go to the library to see if you can find any that you like. You can also visit your local bookstore and check out some of the books that are set in this time period.History can be found all throughout the world, and you will be able to find a lot of information about the history of the Middle Ages . This is because these days it is very common to look back into ancient history. There are different points in history where people look back to ancient times to see what they did not do.One of the more interesting topics that is available for paper topics for fantasy or medieval is cooking. You will be able to find recipes and can look up ingredients and materials that are used in the process of cooking. You can use this knowledge to write your own recipes or get some ideas for other students to look into.Since the Middle Ages was a time where many different things were happening, you will find that you will have some interesting topics to write on. You can write on a Medieval arts and crafts, fantasy, or just about anything else that you are interested in. There are many great topics that are available, so it should not be difficult to find a topic that you are interested in.
How to Find Writing Essay Fees on the Web
How to Find Writing Essay Fees on the Web Writing Essay Fees Ideas If you didn't figure out how to compose an essay yourself, the situation is not going to be saved by the finished paper downloaded free of charge from the web. There aren't many tips a student must follow so as to attain success through writing admission essay. If you're thinking that you will need a person to compose my essay at this time, you can just rely on our honest reviews. When you compose the essay, you should choose a single side to concentrate on. In here you'll discover a lot of helpful strategies on essay writing process. If you are searching for admission essay writing service, look no more. Additionally, it's important to take into account how a student will add to the society after graduation. College essay needs to be sound. The college admission essay will make it possible for you to demonstrate your capability to write thoughtfully and clearly. The college admissions essay is just one of the main elements of a college application. Writing Essay Fees - What Is It? If at all possible try to jot down some actual life experiences also in your literary piece to create your essay more reader friendly. By now you know just what you will write about and how you wish to tell the story. Your title is extremely important , and you should pay close attention to it. If your piece includes bad spelling then nobody is going to take your writing seriously. Vital Pieces of Writing Essay Fees For instance, you may be writing an essay arguing that individuals should drink less coffee. In addition, by arguing for the other side of your opinion, you are going to learn which points you will need to better address in your essay. 1 way to think about the conclusion is, paradoxically, as a second introduction as it does actually contain a number of the exact capabilities. Make sure that you are writing the conclusion within a paragraph of about a few lines based on the term count prescribed by your college or university. It's better to see writing competition prizes as a potential bonus. Your typical small business week could incorporate a number of writing activities. Thus it ought not be commercialized. Writing contests are a fantastic way to express your creativity whilst winning great prizes. Typ e of Writing Essay Fees You see, the conventions of English essays are somewhat more formulaic than you may think and, in a variety of ways, it can be as easy as counting to five. It's needless to mention that English essay writing is a distinct kind of literary art, and needs an extremely creative spirit in addition to well as a creative manner of writing. A wide range of grammar and spelling mistakes should be prevented if you want to produce the essay perfect. Learning how to write in another language can be very difficult, particularly when you're first getting started. Hence, if you believe banking essays are boring just like your company studies are, then you're probably wrong here. Last, there are a number of great online resources which can aid in improving your writing. 1 area which uses marketing greatly in the service industry involved with essay writing, essay writing companies need fantastic advertising strategies to advertise their services to internet customers. It's extremely important to read carefully essay services reviews, because you would like to steer clear of low superior services. Top Writing Essay Fees Choices Our essay writing service is made for individuals that are dreaming of becoming the surface of the college and have an urge to receive only substantial marks and praises of their teachers. You might be an authority in writing, but it is best to acquire exposure to different writing samples as it improves your creativity. Essay writing is quite an excellent idea when you have reasonable English abilities, that could be put to good use in your leisure time. It isn't an easy task, some might think it is but what they are not aware of is that, it requires a lot of hard work and a focus mind. The Ugly Side of Writing Essay Fees Essay writing can be hard, but it doesn't need to be. The rules for writing a great essay are not any different. One thing you ought to do in order to think of a very good essay writing is to sp ell it right. Nobody expects your very first essay to be ideal. Conclusion In the long run, you must have a little paragraph about the end of the essay you've just returned. You should work on it and decide what should be said in the end of the essay. In summary, if you would like to compose a perfect Poe essay then you will need to adhere to the above told guideline, it's possible to also seek advice from your teacher to supply you with a guideline for writing Poe essay which are typically given while the job is assigned to the students. If you must compose a longer or more intricate essay, it may help to outline either side of the argument before you begin writing. The different stages in the creation of the essay has to be evident to the reader. Banking essays can be real fun to play with if you've got a comprehensive understanding about the discipline and have keen interest in writing, so should you believe you cannot write decent banking essays than again you're incorrect. Following are a few of the steps which you should follow as a way to compose grade-winning Poe essays. The History of Writing Essay Fees Refuted If you opt to order an essay, complete the purchase form on the site or send an e-mail. Try to remember, provided that you are able to back up what you say and convey your ideas effectively, adopting a distinctive strategy is easy means to earn your submission stick out. Be assured the third party won't access your private details. Effective Writing Techniques Before it's possible to proceed with the writing process, one particular thing you must have is enough information concerning the topic that was provided to you.
Sample of Essay With References
Sample of Essay With ReferencesWhen writing a sample of essay for your college application, it is a good idea to follow a few basic guidelines. The basics include; writing in a coherent manner, including proper footnotes and numbered lists of sources that are included throughout the essay.A sample of essay for your college application is an excellent way to get some ideas of how to write your own essay. To begin with, make sure you have proper footnotes and numbered lists of sources included throughout the essay. Include your sources at the end of the essay. This allows for easy referencing in the future and assists in avoiding plagiarism charges.It is always wise to outline your essay prior to beginning to write it. Be sure that the material is structured so that it flows well and does not start and stop abruptly. The more time that is spent during the writing process to ensure your essay flows well and gets the required points across, the better.For each statement in your essay, st ate your position on it and explain why it is important. Be sure to include any supporting facts that may be useful to support your claim. Remember that your statement is to be convincing and concise. If you can make a very short statement, this will help when formatting your essay as it will be easier to understand.It is important to emphasize your most powerful argument during the essay to encourage the reader to think about it and arrive at a conclusion. Never assume that your statement will be the only one included in the essay.Take the time to develop your essay with unique content. This will add some style and distinguish your essay from others. You want to give your reader something unique to appreciate.When writing a sampleof essay for your college application, be sure to use full sentences and paragraphs. As an essay, it should flow well. Have the sentence end with a comma, a proper ending, or a period. These punctuation marks will help in making the meaning clear.The write r of the essay must remember to craft an effective summary. If there is no summary, then it is necessary to use this type of section. State the benefits of the student and relate the information in the most concise manner possible.
Thursday, April 16, 2020
You Are Required to Write Essay Example Essay Example
You Are Required to Write Essay Example Paper You Are Required to Write Essay Introduction You are required to write an essay in which you assess the usefulness to international marketers of the three theories of internationalization listed below Uppsala Model Network Model Born Global Pathway Matteo Fabbi University of Westminster, UK __ Several studies have focused on theories of internationalization since the raid of globalization hit every aspect of our life and organization as much. The advancement of technology, the decline of trading barriers, the rise of students exchanges programs, yet the rise of low-cost airline companies, is driving the economy to become more integrated and homogeneous. This rapid process is getting marketers and business owners to think and making important decisions to whether or not going international, how, where and when to do it. The study has failed to find a general view whether an approach is better then another, however it has presented situations of firms from different size, operating in different industry and assessed the usefulne ss of each theory to a specific situation. You Are Required to Write Essay Body Paragraphs In fact the paper has found that there are many factors that will influence a marketers to perceive the usefulness of each theory especially regarding on the resources and capabilities of each organization. The paper makes use of different journals articles, a small case study, and references from Hollensen book: Global Marketing (2006). If looking at the size of a business, then for SMEs approaching the Uppsala model is a way to overcome those barriers of internationalization stressed by Hollensen (2006), such lack of resource and knowledge, yet an opportunity to increase market share and competitiveness. By gradually committing to the foreign market, organizations also decrease the level of risk to their investments (Whitelock, 2002). On the other hand by gradually increasing the production of goods, the organizations will not benefit from a great level of economy of scales. Although, businesses may rethink this approach for one more reason. In fact the model does not take in consi deration the competition. If a business enters a new market with a new product following the U-model, smart firms benefiting of higher resources might decide to enter the same market, with a similar product, but with higher commitment, if they see the market responding positively to the new entrant (Crick, 2009). In this case they might opt to jump from the first, directly to the most profitable of the four different modes of entering an international market suggested in the article by Johanson et all. (2004) and in a situation with high level of international customers and competitors, the less internationalized firm can be ââ¬Å"pulled outâ⬠(Hollensen, 2006). The only way for the early starter to keep the position is to insure they have the best distributors and to tight the distribution net with a predatory price. In a world where information is thought to be the new oil, firms need to become extremely quick in processing data, transforming them into information and then c reate knowledge for their the internationalization process. For this reason the Uppsala model has received many criticisms because the slow process involved into acquiring knowledge by experience (Whitelock, 2002). Gaining knowledge with the shorter span of time gives the firm a competitive advantage, as the case mentioned previously whether to obtain the best distributors or the best place for a point of sales when entering a new market. Obstacles to gain knowledge have been decreasing with the latest changes of our world, as suggested by Hollensen (2006) citing Nordstrom: physic distances have decreased and the world has become more homogeneous. For instance thanks to the Erasmus student exchange program established by the EU (1994), Europe offers an interchangeable and multilingual human resource, here businesses can hire people with the experience and knowledge required without develop it in-house, thus making ââ¬Å"leapfrogâ⬠strategies more feasible, the internationaliza tion process faster and the Uppsala model less useful especially in situations of highly internationalized firm and industries. Also Johanson et all. (2004) and many other authors have also shown that the Uppsala internationalization process is not valid for service industries. The acquiring of knowledge is an important factor in evaluating the usefulness of the theories in analysis. If looking at the high-technology industry, products have very short life cycle and must be internationalize in a very short time if they want to be successful in the international market. Companies working in this type of industry achieve a faster internationalization process by relying on the expertise and knowledge of network partners (Hollensen, 2006). The Network model is very useful to create innovativeness, by matching different organizations with complementary skills, by outsourcing the manufacture to overseas-based firms, technical services, and even marketing and distribution. The entire suppl y chain can benefit from the network model of internationalization, creating competitive advantage for the firm. Even in this particular case, SMEs have to face the big challenge of dealing with bigger organization with greater managerial and coordination skills, plus the resources to invest, although the strengths of this approach to SMEs lies on the importance of the personal factors. According to Hollensen, an entrepreneurial orientation towards seeking opportunities, taking risks and action oriented to innovative markets can lead SMEs to a competitive position when entering international market. Hollensen (2006) stresses how individuals, rather part of a marketing team or in the case of SME, most likely entrepreneurs, can shape the environment in ways that will benefit the firm, taking initiatives, aggressively tailing ventures and achieve agreements with other companies. This paper has recognized a resemblance of Hollensen findings in a particular case study provided by Berra e t al. (1994) on regard the internationalization process of the Italian clothing SMEs in the late ââ¬â¢90 using network models. As Berra points out in his article, it is well know that the clothing sector of the Italian industry is particularly characterized by polarization: where a number of big companies counters numerous SMEs, specialized in some phases of the manufacturer process. Looking at the particular situation presented in the article, many industrialized countries in the late ââ¬Ë80s followed different models of internationalization to respond the change in the economical context of that period. Lifestyles and consumption patterns evolved, the cost of the factors increased and new competitors appeared in the market place together with a decrease in general demand. Many countries intensified their international decentralization and redeployment; Japan had made use of international sub-contracting with the biggest trading companies; the USA opted for overseas assembly strategies in their closest countries like Mexico and Latin America, operating both with independent partners and subsidiaries. On the other hand Germany relocated and redeployed the manufacturing phases to areas of CMEA and Yugoslavia, whilst France and England made productive FDi in their colonies (North Africa and areas of Commonwealth) (Berra et. all, 1994). These changing circumstances imposed the Italians firms to react. SMEs, which could not afford FDI strategies, opted for production and commercial agreements, so trying to penetrate the markets in partnership with local operators. Also SMEs used a method of decentralization for their production within the country and through a network of companies (Berra et. all, 1994). The network model used through horizontal connection (with other SMEs) and vertical connection (among larger firms), was useful to create flexibility and low cost, therefore increasing competitiveness to respond at the market changes of the time. According to Hollensen (2006), the internationalization success of SMEs is mainly based on the level of preparation and coordination of each single network in advance. Planning ahead, conducting marketing research, involving highly skilled human resources, investing resources and shaping the products to meet consumers need to each target market are the basis of a Global Born SMEs. Considering the previous study, then the paper will suggest to international marketers working within the clothing industry that coming global born model will be useful to SMEs by drawing on the positive elements that each market have to offer: for instance matching the source/destination relationship of the labor cost in the East, with the stable market in Europe and the profitable one of Japan, through outsourcing the technology from Germany and USA. This model will be useful to marketers that have great managerial skills for planning ahead and coordinating. Other main benefits derive from the high flexibility and s peed of reaching foreign markets. The Internet will benefit the Born Global companies for their communication process within their networks and for their researches. This is in fact an important factor to take in consideration when evaluating the model. By mainly offering very innovative products and services, Born Global firms have to face relatively high costs in RD, which as suggested by Hollensen (2006), occur ââ¬Å"upfrontâ⬠. Furthermore competition is very high and products can become obsolete very soon. In conclusion the paper suggests that each of the theories can be applied by a firm depending of the situation, the type of business and the industry the firm is operating in order to perceive its effects. By looking at the situations presented by this paper, it can be argued that the Uppsala model is more likely to be perceived as useful by international marketers working into a multi domestic industry, with limited resources and a lack of entrepreneurial orientation to wards innovativeness and networking. Although, the paper has also highlighted some of the limitations of the model, that need particular attention. Furthermore this essay has found the Network model very useful applied to SMEs, especially to cope with the big challenges of larger organization that abound of resources and capabilities. Finally the Born Global Model is the one that seemed to respond the best to the trends and the global market requirements, however it is useful merely to those marketers that managerial skills to plan and coordinate a global type of business since the beginning. References Book Hollensen, S. (2007). Global marketing. 4th edition. Edinburgh Gate (UK): Pearson Education Limited Journals Whitelock, J. (2002). Theories of internationalization and their impact on market entry. 19 (4), 342-347 [online] Available from: Emerald Management Extra [Accesses 29th of October] Berra, L. et all. (1994). The internationalization Process in the Small and Medium Sized F irms: A Case Study on the Italian Industry. , 67-75 [online] Available from: Small Business Economics lt; www. springerlink. comgt; [Accessed 25th October] Johanson, J. et all. (2004) Discovering market networks. 40, (3/4), 259-274 [online] Available from: Emerald Management Extra [Accesses 25th of October] Crick, D. , (2009). The internationalization of born global and international new venture SMEs. 26 (4/5), 453-476 [online] Emerald Management Extra [Accesses 27th of October] We will write a custom essay sample on You Are Required to Write Essay Example specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on You Are Required to Write Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on You Are Required to Write Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer
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